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= ﻿ITALY OUTLINE =

Introduction
=Obstacles to Italian Unity=
 * Italy has not experienced political unity since Roman Times.
 * By the early 1800's, Italian patriots, including Mazzinni, were determined to build a new united Italy.
 * Florence considered themselves as The Tuscans.
 * Venice considered themselves as The Venetians.
 * Naples considered themselves as The Neopolitans.
 * Hapsburg monarchs rules various Italian States.
 * In South Italy, a French Bourbon Ruler was in control of Naples and Sicily.
 * In response of these actions, nationalists organized secret patriotic soceities and focused on depleting Austrian Forces from Northern Italy.
 * Between 1820 and 1848, nationalists revolts exploded across the region.

Mazzinni Establishes Young Italy

 * In 1830's, nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzinni founded Young Italy.
 * ( The goal was to constitute Italy as one, free, independent, republican Nation.
 * In 1849, Mazzinni helped set a Revolutionary Republic in Rome.

Nationalism Takes Root
=The Struggle for Italy=
 * Mazzinni's Quote: "Idea's grow quickly, when watered by blood of Martyrs."
 * With the result of this, trade barriers ended between Italian States and it also stimulated industry.
 * After 1848, leadership of the Risogirmento ( Italian Nationalist Movement), [passed to the Kingdom of Saridina, which included Piedmont, Nice, Savdig and the Island of Saradina.
 * Its Monarch was Victor Emmanuel II.

Cavour Becomes Prime Minister

 * In 1852, Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his Prime Minister.
 * Cavour came from a noble family.
 * Once in office, he helped Saradina's economy.
 * He improved agriculture, railroads were built, encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.

Intrigue With France
Then Nationalists groups over thrown Austrian Rulers and made Northen Italy States to join Saradina.
 * In 1855, Saradina joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean War.
 * They did not win the territory, but it did have a voice at the peace conference. Also, it gain attention to Napoleon the III.
 * In 1855, Cavour negotiated a deal with Napoleon. To promise aid to Saradina if facing war with Austria.
 * A year later the war happened. With help from France, they defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy.

Garibaldis Redshirts

 * Next attention was the Kingdom of the two Sicilies, there, Giuseppe Gariabaldi, a long time nationalist, an ally, was ready for action.
 * By 1860, Gariabaldi recruited 1,000 red shirted volunteers.
 * With this group, they marched triumphantly to Naples.

Unity At Last
=Challenges Facing the New Nation=
 * Gariabaldi's sucsess alarmed Cavour. He thought that he would set up his own republic.
 * Cavour urged Victor Emmanuel to send Saridian troops to deal with Gariabaldi.
 * Instead they over rule Cavour and and joined Naples.
 * So, Gariabaldi turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel.
 * In 1861, Victor became crowned King of Italy.
 * In 1861, Cavour died by his sucsessors completing his dream.
 * A negotiation with Bismark after Austo-Prussian War Italy aqquired Venetia.
 * During Franco-Prussian war in1870, had to withdraw troops/
 * First time since fall of Empire, Italy was united.

Divisions

 * The greatest Regional differences were between the North and the South.
 * The North was richer and had more cities.
 * For centuries, the Northern cities had flourished as centers for buisness and culture.
 * The South was rural and poor.
 * The South's population was giant.

Turmoil

 * Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a Constitutional Monarchy with a two-house Legislature.
 * The King appointed members of the Upper House, which veto bills.
 * In the late 1800's, Socialists oranized strikes while anarchists, ( people who want to abolish all government) turned to sabotage and violence.
 * From this event, more laws were passed which improved social conditions.
 * When turmoi still continued, government were set out to win the empire of Ethiopia.

Economic Progress

 * Despite Italy's problems, they developed to be more economic after the 1900's.
 * The population explosion of this period of time created tensions.
 * One important Saftey Valve was emigration. ( Movement away from their homeland)
 * Many Italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin America Nations.
 * By 1914, Italy was signifigantly better since 1861.
 * But, not the Great War that broke out during that time.